The research highlights the importance of multi-objective optimization in the search for balancing the aspects economic, environmental and social aspects of Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration (ILPF) systems. This approach allows for an integrated view in decision-making, considering several factors such as increased agricultural production, proportionality between emission and sequestration of greenhouse gases, the use of grains in supplementation and the best distribution of employees. The objective of this work is to present a mathematical model for multi-objective optimization applied to Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration (ILPF) systems. The aim is to develop a planning model for agricultural and livestock activities, and to measure possible gains from integration between different cultures, which measures economic, environmental and social aspects. Aware of the fundamental need to obtain data to feed the model, alternatives to the work of Amaury (2015) were explored. The proposal demonstrated the ability of multi-objective optimization to evaluate and guide rural producers' decisions in search of sustainability and efficiency in ILPF systems. To achieve the goal in a practical way, an applied research approach was adopted, considering a case study carried out at Fazenda São Paulo, Iracema-RR. This work highlights the underutilization of optimization in the system studied and presents a model that outlines the best distribution of the area of that farm, in addition to demonstrating how to solve it using Excel Solver. The proposed model serves to assist rural producers in decision-making in the context of the ILPF system, which measures economic, environmental and social aspects. Therefore, multi-objective optimization emerges as an answer to deal with these challenges, allowing us to seek solutions that balance the conflicting goals associated with crops, livestock and forestry. Although it does not conclusively determine the system's ideal practices, this study represents a significant advance for rural producers who use it, due to its ability to consider problems with different resource use conflicts.

The growth of the world population, cities and urban development result in an increase in the demand for goods and services, which brings as a direct consequence the increase in the generation of Urban Solid Waste (MSW). At the national level, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), established by Law no. 12,305 of 2010, is considered one of the legal frameworks and considers the political, economic, environmental, cultural and social dimensions, with social control and under the premise of sustainable development. The circular and efficient use of natural resources faces challenges arising from current production and consumption practices, resulting in the deterioration of the environment. In general, improvements require time, investment and scientific investigation to achieve positive results in relation to MSW management. Given this context, the following question emerges: how is the Management of Solid Waste organized and executed in the municipalities of Boa Vista-RR and Fortaleza-CE? What are the specificities and similarities of the management and management processes in the two municipalities located in different regions of the country? The research aims to comparatively analyze the Management of Urban Solid Waste in the municipalities of Boa Vista-RR and Fortaleza-CE, in addition to verifying the Urban Solid Waste Management Plans in the municipalities of Boa Vista-RR and Fortaleza-CE ; describe a historical series of data and indicators, from the last 12 years, on the Management of Urban Solid Waste in the municipalities of Boa Vista-RR and Fortaleza-CE and specify the productive and organizational processes in the places of final destination of Solid Waste and Cooperatives of Collectors of recyclable materials in Boa Vista-RR and Fortaleza-CE.

From the point of view of the research objectives, this is a descriptive and exploratory research. Regarding its nature, the present work is a comparative analysis, with a qualitative and quantitative approach to the data. As for the procedures, we will carry out a comparative analysis, documentary and bibliographical research, in information systems and field research, through which we will carry out direct observation, photographic records and interviews. The survey will be carried out in the municipalities of Boa Vista, capital of the state of Roraima, and Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará. Data will be collected from April to September 2023. In order to achieve the proposed objectives and at the same time facilitate execution and understanding, the data collection technique was subdivided into 3 moments: data collection according to the script and data collection from the historical series, analysis of the PMGIRS and supplementary documents and direct observation and interviews with those responsible for the waste processing units and associations of collectors of recyclable materials. Quantitative data will be submitted to descriptive statistics. Regarding qualitative data, in the interpretative phase, we will use Bardin's content analysis techniques (BARDIN, 2011) and discourse analysis according to the hermeneutic-dialectic analysis framework (MINAYO, 2013). This research will take place in accordance with Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council, obeying the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The research will be submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Roraima and also to the municipal governments to request authorization to carry out the procedures in loco.

Roraima, a state located in the extreme north of the Brazilian Amazon, is a land that mixes people, from its occupation process in the colonial period under Portuguese rule, to the present day. The border connection with the Bolivarian Republics of Venezuela and the Cooperative of Guyana, in addition to internal and international migration, place the State in a peculiar context of occupation of the Amazon region. This fact motivated the realization of the present research, whose objective was to study under geo-historical and genetic aspects the formation of the population of Roraima. Structured into two categories of analysis: geohistorical and genetic, from 2019 to 2022, the study was divided into 3 main stages: i) field (ii) laboratory and iii) statistical analysis of the data. Autosomal STRs profiles of 172 people were analyzed using the Powerplex® Fusion 6C commercial kit and Y-STRs genetic profiles of 123 men from the urban population of Roraima. The population of Roraima was compared with other populations in Brazil, in addition to European, African and Amerindian populations. The results showed that in the set of autosomal systems the number of alleles between the loci ranged from 7 to 32, with an average of 12 alleles/locus. The total mean haplotypic diversity, considering the set of 14 municipalities, was 0.547. 119 haplotypes of the 23 loci were observed, 117 of which were unique. The population of Roraima is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium for the analyzed allelic systems. The results demonstrated that there is no population structure, since there were no significant differences in the allelic variants between the analyzed populations. Just as there is no noteworthy genetic distance between the population of Roraima and the other populations of the five Brazilian and European regions. Most of the existing genetic variability is due to differences between individuals within the same population and not between populations (AMOVA - Fst = 90.36% and Rst = 80.17% for YSTRs) and (AMOVA - Fst of 97% for autosomal STRs). The genetic data of this study confirm the geo-historical data of the formation process of the population of Roraima. However, further studies, including individuals from the rural area, indigenous peoples, riverside dwellers and international immigrants, are necessary in order to have a more reliable genetic characterization of this population.

The main challenge of this research is related to the supply of potable water for needy communities and/or residents in places of difficult access in the Amazon region. The lack of sanitation, illness due to the consumption of poor quality water affects millions of Brazilians. In this way, developing safe, low-cost and effective strategies to treat drinking water from cacti from the lavrado of Roraima will contribute to the quality of life of communities that do not have access to drinking water, in addition to protecting the environment, through decrease in the release of pollutants. Given this, the objective of this research, a precursor in the region, was to develop a social technology for the treatment of water for human consumption, with a coagulant based on Roraima cacti. Preliminarily, an assay was carried out to verify the coagulation potential of the cactus in relation to the turbidity of the water in the Branco River. For the development of social technology, surface and groundwater were characterized in the riverside community of Santa Maria do Boiaçu, measuring turbidity, pH, total and thermotolerant coliforms and coagulation tests in Jar Test equipment, according to with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. For phytochemical prospecting and biological activities, the ethanolic extract of Cereus jamacaru was evaluated for its antioxidant capacity, determined by the DPPH and ABTS methods, and for the content of total phenolic compounds by adapting the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The chemical profile was analyzed by the APCI-MS method and the toxicity from the LC50 in an acute test with Artemia salina. The natural coagulant of the cactus C. jamacaru from the lavrado of Roraima has a coagulant action for the treatment of water intended for human consumption, and can be used for both surface and groundwater, regardless of seasonality. The social technology produced with the riverside community of Santa Maria do Boiaçu, based on the extract of C. jamacaru, proved to be effective in coagulating water, allowing its consumption and allowing other vulnerable communities to produce the natural coagulant and obtain quality water, since residents were trained and certified, being able to act as multipliers. This fact, in addition to providing quality of life for residents, protects the environment and includes two important Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the United Nations: 3: Health and well-being and 6: Drinking water and sanitation.

This research aims to investigate, evaluate the consequences and propose intervention measures preventive and resolutive, on the environmental, urban, social, legal, technical and scientific evidence of possible urban land regularization of occupations that may be approved in locations that were previously considered permanent preservation areas riparian plants by Federal Law No. 4,771/1965, but with a different and less protective criterion than in force Forest Code, Law nº 12.651, of May 25, 2012. In this context, the analysis of the historicity of the evolution of urban occupation along the watercourses in Boa Vista, from its origin to the present, demonstrated the cumulative mismatch between the necessary environmental protection and the ideal quality of life for a rapidly growing society. Concomitantly, there was a proportional reduction of riparian vegetation with consequences that potentiated the harmful results of the real non-compliance, on the part of the public power and community, from flooding phenomena, as there are no legal and political mechanisms that could make a harmonious interaction between man and biodiversity compatible urban. The non-adoption of stricter rules on intervention in these spaces and surroundings can result in immeasurable damage to society, present and future, and to the resources natural resources in the city. These weightings were methodologically based with geotechnology and deductive and descriptive scientific methods via discursive resources, developed with survey, review and bibliographic research, international, national, state and local. For that, the study area of 23,386Km² with preserved flora was reached, the which is located in the Urban Expansion Area on the left bank of the Cauamé River and involves the difference from the current range of permanent preservation areas to the limit of the greatest flood registered on June 1, 2011 by the National Resource Information System Water, when the Branco River reached the historic mark of 10.28 meters.

The result this conjunctural analysis made it possible to clarify that, if there is not an adequate confrontation and incisive action of the municipal public power, responsible for the adequate urban, due to geomorphological and pedological factors, eminently flat relief, reduced elevation and occasional incidence of more severe flood periods, future real estate developments will be subject to significant encumbrances of order socio-environmental, urban, cultural and economic. Thus, supported by data on the evolution population growth, the realization of precarious government actions developed and the inefficiency of the applicable legislation, the essential role of the planning in space occupation, but built in a collaborative and shared way by the Municipality and society, based on science and technology. The conclusion of the research highlighted the indispensability of inserting alternative cogent solutions that, through inclusive instruments and implementation of public policies of a notably precautionary measure, are capable of promoting the creation of a protected area in the respective not anthropized, able to guarantee the protection of the natural heritage within the urban environment and the aspirations of the community, with the mitigation of risks and their harmful effects, and implementation the right to a sustainable city and unconditional protection of biodiversity.

The creation of conservation units (UC) has been a tool widely used to protect landscapes and organisms of great biological importance throughout the planet, and several studies have demonstrated the influence of these UCs not only in the conservation of these environments, but also in the quality of life of the riverside populations, including the Amazon. Studies that assess the importance of PAs in the conservation of fish stocks are still incipient, and in Roraima no study in this regard had been carried out. The lower Branco River, the stretch of the state's main river that lies below the Bem Querer rapids, maintains the most important fishing community in the region, and most of the federal conservation units established in Roraima, but little is known about the importance of these UC for the maintenance of local fish stocks. As a result, we prepared this study, which aims to determine the effect of conservation units and environmental conditions on the fish fauna exploited by commercial fisheries in the region and to increase knowledge about their actors. In order to achieve its specific objectives, we chose to structure this work in three main aspects: the first, the elaboration of a history of the fishing activity practiced in the Rio Branco valley, which seeks to understand the context that culminated in the current reality of fishing in the region. The second, a socioeconomic characterization of the fishing actors, which was carried out through the application of questionnaires and identified the low education and qualification of these professionals, the dependence of middlemen in the commercialization of fish and their limitations in the knowledge about the fishing legislation and about the conservation units that occur adjacent to their fishing areas. And the third, a comparative study on the ichthyofauna, sought to infer the effect of these protected areas on fish assemblages that suffer pressure from commercial fishing. For this, nylon gillnets, the main gear used in the region, were used in fisheries inside and outside two federal conservation units, the Viruá National Park and the Niquiá Ecological Station. The collections were carried out in two distinct hydrological periods, dry and full, and a total of 1713 fish specimens representing 07 orders, 27 families, 65 genera and 100 species were captured. We compared ecological descriptors such as richness, abundance, biomass and composition of these fish assemblages, but our hypothesis that we would find significant differences was refuted.

We did not identify any effect of UC on fish assemblages, but the influence of seasonality and environmental factors such as the distance to Caracaraí, the average depth of the sampled sites, and physical-chemical parameters of the waters such as pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature, but the mere existence of this UC, or its access restrictions, do not affect the fish assemblage. Our results represent a significant advance in knowledge about the ichthyofauna present in these UCs and about the fishing activity practiced in the region, but they also demonstrate the need to improve management and management measures in these areas, as many traces of use within the conservation units have been detected. If we really intend to strengthen these UCs, conserve fish stocks and, at the same time, preserve the way of life of the traditional populations that use these resources, we need to make a lot of progress, but there is still time.

The extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP), especially Amazon nuts, is based on the extraction of natural resources from native forests, representing an important source of income for extractivists in Caracaraí, Roraima, in the north of the Brazilian Amazon. The use and management of natural resources by extractivists is associated with rich botanical knowledge linked to culture. The relationships that exist in the region are based on complex issues, both in terms of socio-nature integrity, as well as in the perspective of power relations that are established in the region, such as the possible dominance of the commercialization network by middlemen, the use of the lands of the great farmers, lack of economic conditions, and the different relationships with natural resources, whether by using them as means of existence, seeking to maintain the forest, or using them in capitalist terms. Within this context, this study aimed to analyze the socio-nature integrity and ethnobotanical knowledge in the extraction of non-timber forest products, with emphasis on the management and commercialization of B. excelsa in Caracaraí-RR. The research was carried out in the seat of the municipality of Caracaraí and in two Settlement Projects, P.A. Itã and P.A. Cujubim, with extractivists who collect Amazon nuts. Data collection took place from semi-structured interviews and workshops for participatory mapping and construction of the socio-natural calendar based on the intercultural inductive method. The commercialization network was evidenced from the identification of the subjects involved in the economic cycle established by chestnut extractivism, through semi-structured interviews. The historical and spatial contextualization of the PFNM extractive activity, associated with the characterization of the societal integrity based on the ethnobotanical knowledge of the extractivists, provided an understanding of the daily life of extractivists and their relationship with natural resources, generating information that can contribute to conservation , for the sustainable management of natural resources and the well-being of extractivists. The observation of the Amazon nut commercialization networks in Caracaraí provided an understanding of the relationships that are established between the subjects involved in the complex relationships between the different levels expressed in the economic dynamics of extractivists.