The generation of solid waste is intertwined with population growth, income generation, production and consumption, which constitutes a social and environmental problem. In this context, the general objective of the study was to analyze the forms of final disposal of household solid waste, as well as the environmental implications, in the Nova Amazônia Settlement Project (PANA), in Boa Vista/Roraima from 2013-2023. The theoretical framework and concepts used to analyze the results came from the environmental perception of the settled families, combined with the National Solid Waste Policy - Law n: 12,305, August 2, 2010. The research design was presented through a study case based on Yin, articulated with the epistemological theoretical approach of Morin's dialectics of complexity. A qualitative-quantitative methodological analysis was used, of an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory nature. The data collection procedures included a literature review, documentary research and the fieldwork took place through on-site observation, interviews with forms that allowed identifying the forms of final disposal of solid waste and the problems arising from this movement. The results reveal that in countries such as China and Germany there is an effective inclusion of rural areas in waste management, while in Canada, South Africa, Mozambique and Brazil, inclusion is still incipient. This is due to factors such as economic conditions, population density and the fragility of public policies. It is concluded that it is necessary to prioritize the development of effective strategies for waste management in rural areas, especially in the Brazilian context, as inadequate waste management in Brazilian rural areas is notorious, despite robust legislation. When analyzing the Nova Amazônia settlement, it reveals a complex relationship between environmental knowledge and sustainable practices, with emphasis on the burning of garbage, highlighting the need for educational interventions. Quantitative analysis of household waste in Poles 1 and 4 revealed seasonal and behavioral variation. at Polo 1, from October to December, monthly quantities were 26.61 kg, with daily per capita averages for different materials. Polo 4, the monthly totals were 45.98 kg. The analysis provided insights for effective sustainable management strategies.

The disorderly urbanization of the city of Boa Vista – RR, has been intensifying in recent years, increasingly expanding the city to the West Zone, which is currently the area with the highest demographic density. This urban expansion, occurring in a disorderly manner, has suppressed water resources in order to bring environmental disturbances. Igarapé Uai is a small stream, located in the urban fabric, being the same tributary of Igarapé Grande, thus, over the years, Igarapé Uai has suffered environmental damage caused by disorderly urbanization, which did not respect its Permanent Preservation Area (APP ), which may have intensified the negative effects of disorderly urbanization. Aiming to understand how this occupation process has harmed the water body, the general objective was outlined as “Evaluating the environmental damage caused by disorderly urbanization in the river course of the Igarapé Uai in the city of Boa Vista, State of Roraima”. as data collection instruments, Rapid Assessment Protocol for riverine habitats (PAR) by Callisto et al. (2002), physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes and semi-structured interviews with residents of the stream bank. For the application of the PAR, five sections of the stream were selected (T1; T2; T3; T4; T5) and for the water analysis, two of these five (T2 and T4). In turn, the interviews were carried out in fifteen homes, which were randomly selected, with participants over eighteen years of age of both sexes. Thus, through carrying out the research, it was found that Igarapé Uai presents serious environmental damage caused by human action, especially in areas with greater human interaction, such as pollution and water contamination, which are direct effects of the irregular disposal of solid waste. and domestic sewage and also siltation and eutrophication, which are accentuated by the removal of the bank cover, which plays a fundamental role in the protection and maintenance of watercourses. As for river habitats, it was concluded that sections T1, T2 and T3 are impacted, while sections T4 and T5 are altered. For the population residing in the vicinity of the water body, the main problems are floods, bad smells and venomous animals, so most of those interviewed believe that channeling the stream is the solution to these problems and confess that they only live in the area, since, Due to such problems, housing costs are lower. Finally, investment in environmental education is necessary to raise awareness among the population about the importance of the environment, especially water, and to develop effective public policies that alleviate the need for housing by ensuring the health of water resources.

The relationship established between man and plants, as well as the way in which these plants are used as resources, is an object of study for Ethnobotany. This field seeks to link the knowledge of traditional populations with scientific bases, and has been a foundation for phytochemical and biological studies. Considering the importance of understanding how human beings relate to plants and the reflection that this relationship can promote in the cultural and environmental scope, through an interdisciplinary approach, the present study sought to describe the knowledge and uses of the Salva do campo plant (L.cidoides) by residents of Monte Cristo Residential Allotment, considering sociocultural aspects, and the identification of chemical and biological compounds present in the extract and oil. Residencial Monte Cristo is located on the banks of the BR 174 highway, towards Boa Vista-Pacaraima. This residential is next to Campus Cauamé – UFRR. In total, 20 people participated in this study, these being Brazilians and over 18 years old. Respondents were intentionally selected using the Snowball technique. Information was collected in May 2023, through semi-structured interviews and informal conversations. Data interpretation was based on Main Use Agreement (CUP) and Relative Citation Frequency (FR). In general, the informants demonstrated extensive knowledge about Sage in the field, such as: medicinal properties, preparation techniques for greater effectiveness of its phytotherapeutic utility and whether this knowledge has similarities with the scientific literature. The indications for the use of the species L.cidoides for the treatment of diseases cited by residents of the Monte Cristo region include the flu, bathing children, malaria and liver problems. Furthermore, the interviewees stated that the plant is easily found in the region's fields. This information is considered useful from the local point of view, as it is used to disseminate traditional knowledge and as an alternative to synthetic drugs. In addition, we found that there is a relationship between the main uses cited by residents (medicinal and food) with the chemical and biological characteristics present in the plant. Compounds found in the ethanolic extract and essential oil of the species have medicinal potential, with antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity properties, for example, there are the substances: Pinocembrine, Naringenin, Isorhamnetin , Thymol, Carvacrol that have these medicinal characteristics.

The defensive behavior of Africanized bees presents considerable variation between colonies and biting episodes are likely in management, but not always predictable. The colonies show behaviors of sensitivity to the slightest disturbance in the surroundings, such as odor or vibration, especially in Brazil, because it has Africanized bees with a extremely defensive. Management techniques are necessarily in constant evolution, and the use of the bee fumigator is essential, even for bees that the beekeeper considers tame. The use of different materials of plant origin in the fumigator provides different results, some more effective than others. Therefore, this work tested the smoke resulting from the burning of: angelim, cupiúba, eucalyptus leaves and wood shavings without identification, with and without the addition of bee wax dregs and dry leaves of eucalyptus in the management of Africanized bees. 3 (three) were used more defensive hives, selected by the Stort method, from the apiary experimental project at CCA/UFRR. Defensiveness variables were tested with each fuel, in triplicate, and statistically compared. You fuels showed different results for all variables studied and the addition of wax sludge and dry eucalyptus leaves represented a slight improvement in defensive response. As shavings presented a good result when compared to the others, it was considered the best fuel for bee fumigator, in relation to the cost-benefit for the local beekeepers.

Institutions that perform evaluative functions, as well as those responsible for formulating environmental policies, have encountered difficulties in the performance of their activities due to the lack of consistency of the adopted evaluation models, especially with regard to water resources. The academy has been making efforts to develop new tools to ensure better use and distribution of this resource. Some of these studies are being conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools to gain new ways of managing both water and its potential polluters, but most of these initiatives are being done for controlled environments. In this context, it is of paramount importance to develop new techniques to predict the environmental impact caused by emissions in rivers so that strategies can be mapped to mitigate the effects of these impacts. In order to answer if there is a polluting plume in Rio Branco, urban edge stretch, the objective of the present study was to simulate the local hydrodynamics and the possible influences of the dispersion of pollutant plumes along a stretch of the Boa Vista-RR waterfront. For this, the Ansys CFX 12.1 computational package (to simulate the flow and critical concentrations of pollutants in the water) was used and collections were made, within the study stretch, for physicochemical analysis of the water and the polluting sources. in order to attest to the efficiency of the evaluation method. In the analysis, we considered the two continuous and most significant existing point sources, where the effects of the dispersion of pollutants on the Rio Branco were evaluated. The results show that the proposed methodology is a good tool for the evaluation of the environmental impact caused by the effluent emission in rivers. Comparisons were made between numerical results and experimental data collected in the study area, obtaining results with good agreement between them. As an example we can cite the concentration of pollutant generated from the Boa Vista WWTP, which presented a concentration of approximately 35,5 kg/s in the simulation and 208.56 mg / L of BOD5 concentration in the physicochemical analysis for point P9.1 in September. Therefore, some risk is foreseen, since the parameters are in disagreement with the effluent discharge standards, according to current regulations, and considering that there is uptake in areas close to the maintenance of the crop and fish ponds, it becomes become a public health problem.

Bidens subalternans, belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a herbaceous plant, popularly known as picão-preto. It is native to Brazil and widely distributed. Recognized for its invasion into agricultural areas and adaptation to adverse environments, it is part of the Bidens Complex, presenting challenges in accurate identification due to morphological similarities with other species of the genus, such as B. pilosa and B. alba. Despite its prominence as an invasive plant in agronomic studies, the literature on B. subalternans is limited. Rare ethnobotanical reports mention its use in treatments for hepatitis, inflammation, diabetes and wound healing. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from the aerial parts of B. subalternans collected after cultivation in a natural and controlled environment. In addition, chemical prospecting of ethanolic extracts, chemical profile analysis by APCI, toxicity assessment in relation to Artemia salina and pharmacobotanical study of the leaf blade were carried out. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH and ABTS radical assays, followed by quantification of total phenolic compounds using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The results demonstrated that B. subalternans extracts presented antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC00531), Bacillus cereus (ATCC9634), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC7644), Escherichia coli (ATCC10536), with minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC) ranging from 300 to 500 μg.mL-1. With regard to phenolic compounds, the extracts showed significant levels of total phenolics, with values of 1,149 mgEAG.g-1 for the extract from the environment and 140.6 mgEAG.g-1 for the cultivated extract. In the DPPH assay, the IC50 values of the two extracts ranged from 85.8 to 30.57 mg.mL-1, with inhibition percentages of 69.1% and 12.5%, respectively. The results related to the ABTS radical were also promising, with values of 1,969.0 μMTrolox.g-1 and an inhibition rate of 99.2% for the environmental plant extract, and values of 1,855.1 μMTrolox.g-1 and 93.57% inhibition for the cultivated plant extract. Analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of several classes of secondary metabolites, such as saponins, tannins, phenolic substances, phenols and flavonols. Analysis of the chemical profile by APCI-MS identified compounds such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin and tricin hexoside, among others. In the pharmacobotanical study, the typical anatomical aspects of the leaves of the species B. subalternans were observed, including anomocytic and anisocytic stomata, palisade and lacunous parenchyma, and well-developed vascular bundles. Phenolic compounds, mucilages and lipid droplets were also observed in the mesophyll and trichomes. The presence of secondary metabolites with antioxidant and antibacterial activity indicates the therapeutic potential of B. subalternans. Considering that these results may result from synergy between the substances, carrying out isolation studies of secondary metabolites and pharmacological evaluations are essential. These additional steps will significantly contribute to further exploration of the therapeutic potential and safety associated with these extracts. These pioneering studies for the species can play a crucial role in future research, especially with regard to the development of the bioeconomy in the State of Roraima.

Diamond is one of several crystallographic modifications of carbon, whose name comes from the Greek “adamas”, meaning “invincible”, reflecting its exceptional mechanical hardness and chemical resistance. Due to its unique characteristics, diamond is one of the minerals with the highest economic value. There are countless applications of the properties of diamonds for the industry in general and for the gems sector. Diamonds occur on the Earth's surface in different types of "primary" (non-sedimentary) rocks: kimberlites, lamproites, and lamprophyres. However, of these occurrences, only some kimberlites/lamproites are economically viable for diamond exploration. The study area is located in Santa Elena de Uairén in the area called La Candelaria of the Gran Sabana municipality in the Bolívar state, close to the border between Venezuela and Brazil. The region belongs to the Venezuelan portion of the Guiana Shield, which is located within the limits of the Amazonian Craton, where the Roraima Supergroup is present. In the research, several techniques of characterization and gemological description of diamonds were applied, among them: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy, as well as the description of Shape, Weight, Color, Purity, Dissolution, Cleavage, Impact Marks, Covers and Commercial Qualification. The results showed that the samples presented low granulometry and caratage. In the morphological study, Irregular shaped crystals predominate, followed by octahedron, cube, twin and aggregate. Regarding Color, 31.50% were fancy, 25% yellowish, 23% colorless-yellowish, 10.16% colorless and 10.18% black, with a high degree of dissolution, and mostly without impact marks. Of the samples studied, 34.34% have green spots, 29% yellow spots, 25% without layers and 11.66% green spots. According to their purity, they are non-gemological quality crystals and, commercially, they do not have acceptance for the jewelry industry, however, in the industrial area they could have a good acceptance. The morphological characteristics described indicate a prolonged transport or also those they are subject to several erosive and deposition cycles. The diamond deposits in this area, related to the sediments of the Roraima Supergroup, are the product of the accumulation of diamond crystals from various primary sources.

Keywords: Kimberlite. Roraima Supergroup. La Candelaria.

The quality of water in rivers is increasingly inadequate for human consumption, requiring prior treatment. This is due to river pollution, arising from agricultural production, mining, oil leaks, sewage, among others. Humanity throughout the history of the occupation of territories chose the banks of rivers to settle down, confirming that water has been one of the main factors for the maintenance of life. Environmental perception is the way each individual perceives or sees the environment around them, in order to become aware of their relationship with the environment, especially with natural resources, such as water. The waters of the Mucajaí River supply the municipality of Alto Alegre, RR. Thus, this research aimed to describe water consumption in the urban area of Alto Alegre-RR: environmental conditions and perception of residents of the municipality's headquarters. The research is descriptive and exploratory, with a qualitative-quantitative nature, with primary and secondary data collection - literature review. Primary data collection involved on-site visits and interviews. Residents of the city of Alto Alegre-RR, CAER employees and entrepreneurs of mineral water distributors participated in the research, totaling 35 participants representing 0.67% of the population of the urban area of Alto Alegre, RR. The results revealed that the municipality has suffered from problems in water supply due to the difficulties faced by the Companhia de Água e Esgoto de Roraima (CAER), the lack of energy was also one of the problems detected. Employees of the company responsible for water supply in the city consider that the water distributed to the population is of excellent quality and suitable for human consumption. Although residents report that the water that arrives at their homes has color, odor and taste. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt measures aimed at improving the quality of the water that supplies the municipality, such as periodic physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes in order to avoid contamination and diseases to the residents who consume it. As well as the awareness to conserve the Mucajaí River Basin to enable the integration of human beings and the environment, aiming at sustainability, together with the urban development of the municipality of Alto Alegre.

Keywords: Watershed. Water supply. Environmental perception. Amazon.

Savannas sustain great biodiversity and high levels of species endemism, occurring all over the world, including as enclaves in the midst of dense Amazon rainforest. The enclaves function as recharge zones for the Amazon watershed, which, given their continental dimensions, play a central role in the hydrological cycle. Despite this importance, these little-known ecosystems are threatened by the expansion of agribusiness and the advance of global warming. The diagnosis of the ecological health of the Amazon savannas depends on the quantification of its abiotic, biotic and anthropic determinants. This work presents the quantification of the direct and indirect effects of abiotic variables structured in a Structural Equation Model (SEM) in the savannah of the Tacutu Sedimentary Basin (Roraima, Brazil). The models included the predictors with alleged direct effect Precipitation, Temperature and Flood Frequency, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Soil Organic Carbon Stock, Soil Apparent Density and Percentage of Soil Sand, the predictors with alleged indirect effect were : Rocks, Landforms, Altitude and Slope. The dependent variable was the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in a time series. Nine Sentinel-2 multispectral images from 2017 to 2021, ALOS PALSAR radar images, and the NASADEM digital elevation model were used to construct the Flood Frequency and River Plains through the Linear Mixing Spectral Model (MLME) and fusion of optical and radar images in open source software. Other predictors were obtained from public repositories. The results showed that altitude and slope had no indirect effect on the NDVI, the magnitude of the indirect effects of rocks and landforms was 0.33 and 0.16, respectively. Among the direct effects, temperature and frequency of flooding had a low negative effect (-0.11 and -0.15) and rainfall had a positive effect (+0.23). Soils had greater direct predictive power, via apparent density (-0.37) and CEC (-0.27), negative relationships are explained by the presence of cohesive horizons and aluminotoxicity, these soil variables, in turn, were controlled by rocks ( -0.47 and -0.71). Together, temperature, precipitation, flood frequency, apparent density, CEC, organic carbon stock and percentage of sand explain 48% of the NDVI variation. Evolutionary history, culminating in its recent sedimentary dynamics, indirectly influences the distribution of vegetation in this Amazonian savanna. Water has a positive effect, however, in excess it restricts the development of vegetation, so that areas with better soil drainage, less compacted, are favored.

Fires in the Amazon are mainly caused by human activities. Delimiting the burned areas in the Amazon forest, observing their spatial and temporal distribution, contributes to the understanding of the impacts of fire from environmental, social and economic perspectives. Here, we investigated the use of remote sensing to map fire degradation, analyzing the distribution of fires between the years 2015 and 2021 in five municipalities in the southern region of Roraima. The results showed that the hybrid method of analysis of Normalized Difference Fraction Index values of Landsat8/OLI time series validated by hotspots, in a Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform, presents a positive performance for mapping fire scars. . In total, 2,441 km² of fire scars in a forest area were mapped. Of this total, 70 km² in Municipal UCs, 44 km² in State UCs, 120 km² in Federal UCs, 166 km² in Indigenous Lands, 10 km² in Military Areas, 1,063 km² in Public Forests and 966 km² in Other Areas. When comparing the method used here with other operational fire scar mapping products, we observed that our results detected a greater area burned in forests in relation to data from FireCCI51, MapBiomas and DETER-B. These results indicate that the areas with restricted use were the most affected in the region and that the method used in the mapping was more effective than the other three products analyzed.

Urbanization in cities is accompanied by socio-spatial segregation and the emergence of urban informal settlements. Urban informal settlements are housing built irregularly in public or vulnerable areas and have a lack of services essential audiences. In Boa Vista, the Nova Vida settlement is an expression of this phenomenon, because it was built on top of a landfill. To understand this phenomenon, the general objective of this study was to analyze the process of urbanization and occupation in Nova Vida Settlement, in the municipality of Boa Vista-RR and the aspects of vulnerability socioenvironmental issues in the years 2000 to 2020. The research design was presented by a case study based on Yin (2015), articulated with the epistemological theoretical approach of dialectic of complexity in Morin (2015). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data obtained through literature review and documentary research, aligned with the history environmental assessment apprehended in the field, involving participant observation, interviews, visits to public bodies and application of a form to residents. The sampling used was by snowball method, where key informants were found and the extent to which they did not presented new information, the picture was saturated. The genesis of the New Settlement Life and its relationships and interactions represent the complexity of the system. the movements undertaken by the organizations legitimized the settlement as a Special Area of Social Interest, transforming the place that used to be used for waste disposal into place of residence, contradictory dynamics because while meeting the guidelines imposed by the Strategic and Participatory Master Plan of Boa Vista violates the right to dignity of human person. The data on display, with theoretical references, revealed that the informal occupation of the area is the result of a historical process of urbanization in the capital, which shows traces of socio-spatial segregation and inequalities. When it comes to landfill deactivated the seized results revealed that the infrastructure and sanitation are inadequate, residents had difficulties in accessing public policies. In line with this set of circumstances there is still the process of environmental degradation, since the houses were built on the banks of the Igarapé Grande.

One of the major problems today is the final disposal of urban solid waste, which has generated several environmental problems. Among the three categories of destination used in the country, sanitary landfills are considered the most appropriate according to Brazilian environmental law. In this perspective, the present research aimed to characterize the environmental scenario of the areas used for solid waste disposal in the municipalities of the state of Roraima - ADMRS, indicating the local situation, according to the current legislation. For this purpose, the Waste Landfill Quality Index -IQR - Ditches/Lixões was used as an indicator of environmental quality, a form adapted from the Waste Landfill Quality Index -IQR, which is a methodological instrument created and used by Companhia Ambiental do State of São Paulo, for the elaboration of an annual inventory with information on the environmental and sanitary conditions of the final disposal sites of household waste in the municipalities of São Paulo. This form was applied in fourteen of the fifteen municipalities in the State, leaving only the municipality of São João da Baliza outside the study group, as it does not have a place within its jurisdiction for the distribution of waste. Bibliographical references, on-site visits, photographs, remote sensing images and data obtained from the environmental agencies of each municipality through a standardized questionnaire were used as a source of data. This information was quantified by scoring criteria, classifying the ADMRS as inadequate (I) the areas that obtain scores from 0.0 to 6.0, controlled (C) from 6.1 to 8.0 and adequate (A) from 8.1 to 10. Thus, it was concluded that none of the State's ADMRS reached a score equal to or greater than 8.1; zone that would classify the areas in Appropriate conditions and in accordance with the provisions of the National Solid Waste Policy. In Controlled conditions, only the municipality of Normandia was classified with IQR Ditches/Lixões equivalent to 6.7; as it has a small sanitary landfill built in accordance with the standards of ABNT/NBR 15849 of 2010. And the other Municipalities operate in Inadequate conditions, not meeting the current legislatures and configuring a mere disposal in the open.

Human beings have interacted with the fauna in many ways and began to know, name and classify animals according to their preferences, aversion, feelings and needs. Among the huge variety of animals in which people interact, the reptile group of snakes is one of those that most inflict antagonistic feelings, considering that even in fear, people acknowledge the importance of these animals to the ecosystem. This topic is approached by the Ethnoecology, an interdisciplinary science that dialogs with Anthropology searching for contributions regarding conservation and recognition of local ecological knowledge from the comprehension of human behavior before the ambient. Considering the relevance of understanding how human beings engage with the snake fauna and what is the result of these relations in the conservation status of this reptile group. Parting from an interdisciplinary approach, the present study analyzed the local ecological knowledge and the resident’s relation with the fauna of snakes at Tepequém Village, considering the cultural and ecological aspects, and the implications to the conservation status of these animals. The Tepequém Village is situated north of Roraima state, approximately 200 km from the state’s capital, Boa Vista. In total, 36 people (8 women and 28 men) participated in this study: Brazilians, over 18 years old, gold miners or ex-gold miners, living in the village for more than 10 years. The informers were selected intentionally through the Snowball technique and the information were collected by semi-structured interview, free list and informal conversations. The date interpretation was made from Content Analysis, Multiple Regression Test and Fidelity Level (FL). To amplify the comprehension of results, the narratives were interpretated based on the anthropological theories of Cultural Arch and Kellert’s Typology. Thus, the informants demonstrated knowledge of the main ecological aspects of snakes’ fauna, such as: habitat, diet, reproduction and seasonality. However, characters used to differ venomous and non-venomous snakes were often mistaken and ended in erroneous identifications. Further, it was possible to comprehend that the cultural aspects positively impact the snakes’ fauna conservation, and local myths help maintaining a positive view of these animals. Thereby, the ecological knowledge of residents of Tepequém Village must be considered to endorse animal conservation strategies locally as well as in large scale.

Keywords: Snakes’ fauna. Cultural aspects. Interdisciplinary dialog. Conservation.

Poultry farming is one of the sectors with the greatest impact on the Brazilian economy. In recent years, an increase in the production of broilers has been observed, making this sector of the industry responsible for the generation of tons of feathers, which have a polluting potential when improperly disposed of in the environment. The disposal of feathers can become an economic problem for companies, which must invest in their correct destination to avoid possible environmental impacts. In view of this, there is a need for sustainable alternatives for the recycling of these protein-rich wastes. The objective of this study was to investigate the production of proteases secreted by filamentous fungus, isolated from the soil of the Amazon Forest in Roraima, using chicken feathers as the only source of energy, to characterize the strain regarding the optimal temperature and pH of production, as well as the effects of chemical products, in addition to evaluating the effect of different growth substrates on proteolytic activity. Initially, 40 strains of filamentous fungi obtained from soil samples from Parna Viruá (preserved in the Culture Collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology-PRONAT) were screened in order to select an isolate with potential for the production of extracellular protease. The identification of the selected fungus was carried out through macroscopic and microscopic observations, inoculating the isolate in specific culture media, which was identified as Aspergillus sp. The fungus was inoculated in milk agar and feather flour agar to verify the qualitative production of proteases and keratinases, respectively. The halo formation indicated positivity for both enzyme productions. As for the quantitative evaluation of the proteolytic and keratinolytic activities, obtained through spectrophotometry at 420 nm, the results indicated the ability of Aspergillus sp. in producing both proteases and keratinases. The ability to secrete proteases was evaluated in different growth substrates (whole feather, feather meal, peptone, casein, chicken beak, hair and gelatin). The highest production of enzymes occurred in culture media with peptone and feather meal, indicating that Aspergillus sp. is a keratinolytic microorganism capable of degrading keratinous materials efficiently. The protease showed optimal activity at pH 5.5 and temperature of 37 °C, with relative activities of 92.75 % and 98.88 % respectively. Enzyme activity was stimulated by CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 and CuSO4 and inhibited by ZnSO4, NaCl, MgCl2 and SrCl2.

The solvents Tween 20, Triton x-100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) increased the enzymatic activity. The β-mercaptoethanol and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibitors did not inhibit proteolytic activity in enzymatic assays, suggesting that the enzymes present in the enzymatic hydrolyzate are neither metalloproteases nor cysteine proteases. From the perspective of industrial microbiology, the results of this research suggest that the crude protease extract can be potentially used in the bioconversion of keratinous residues, considered difficult to degrade in the environment, and the possibility of applying the protein hydrolyzate in the supplementation of animal feed and in use as biofertilizers.

A flamabilidade é um termo que se refere a capacidade de um material pegar fogo e sustentar as chamas e, no caso do material vegetal, é uma característica determinante de como o fogo se propaga na vegetação. Em geral, a flamabilidade é definida com base em quatro componentes: ignitabilidade (facilidade com que a planta pega fogo), combustibilidade (a velocidade ou intensidade com que o fogo consome a planta), sustentabilidade (a duração do fogo após a ignição) e consumabilidade (quanto da amostra é consumida pelo fogo). A flamabilidade de folhas e ramos de vinte espécies arbóreas, representando 13 famílias, foi medida com uso de um protocolo padronizado para obtenção de dados referentes a altura máxima das chamas, duração das chamas e das brasas, temperatura máxima das chamas, % de perda de biomassa e taxa de queima. Todas as variáveis medidas durante os experimentos de flamabilidade foram resumidas através de análise de componentes principais (PCA). Para cada espécie também foram obtidas medidas de tratos funcionais das folhas. Relação entre os tratos funcionais das folhas e a flamabilidade dos ramos e folhas foi avaliada através de análise de regressão múltipla.  Características foliares como área foliar, área foliar específica e a espessura foliar explicaram a variação da flamabilidade dos ramos e folhas representada pelos eixos do PCA. Os eixos resultantes do PCA tanto para flamabilidade das folhas quanto dos ramos representam dois gradientes independentes de variação sendo um relacionado a combustibilidade e sustentabilidade do fogo e outro relacionado a consumabilidade. Com relação a flamabilidade dos ramos, área foliar, área foliar específica e espessura da folha explicaram 23% da variação do gradiente de sustentabilidade e combustibilidade do fogo e 8% da variação do gradiente de consumabilidade do fogo, o qual foi relacionado a espessura foliar. Com relação a flamabilidade das folhas, a área foliar explicou 26% da variação, indicando uma relação direta entre área foliar e sustentabilidade e combustibilidade do fogo. O avanço do desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira vem crescendo de forma descontrolada e associado ao aumento da frequência de eventos de secas extremas tem tornado as florestas mais vulneráveis aos incêndios florestais. O entendimento de como as características individuais influenciam a flamabilidade, pode fornecer subsídios importantes na previsão não somente do comportamento individual das diferentes espécies frente ao fogo, como também prever que mudanças na composição de espécies podem influenciar na flamabilidade da floresta e consequentemente no regime de fogo.

The river systems of the Amazon basin are important for the emergence of the countries that make up this fabulous ecosystem. The objective of this work was to analyze the hydrology of the Amazon basin, observing its fluctuations and the possible influence of El Niño and La Niña phenomena on river dynamics. The hydrological analysis was carried out in 13 river systems, involving the Solimões / Amazonas system, detailing the conditions of two fluviometric stations per basin of the hydrological database of the National Water Agency (ANA 2020). Through the analyses, it can be seen that the hydrological regimes present heterogeneous behavior, monthly variability upstream and downstream (in most rivers on the south bank), in interannual scales and decades at the level of the three (3) regions (northern, western and western hemispheres). south). The El Niño episodes causing variation in flows lead to a considerable reduction in flows in most of the river systems studied. more especially those on the left bank (Trombetas, Negro, Branco and Uatuma). On the other hand, La Niña events cause an increase in flows and runoff and more noticeable on the left bank. A strange aspect is also observed in most rivers that under the influence of mutating glaciers in the mountain ranges of Bolivia and Peru where glacial melting increases river flow during El Niño and decreases flows due to the transition of river water to the solid state under low temperature and high altitude during Nina and to falsify the residence time of the flow of the river systems of the right bank and the central part of the Amazon basin. ENOS events are different from each other and their actions have caused a lot of loss and damage to the environment since several decades. Therefore, this study greatly contributes to the production and popularization of academic knowledge, the physical and dynamic understanding of the Amazon basin, the evaluation of the actions of climatic phenomena of the ENSO type of the main river systems. In addition, it makes recommendations for monitoring and early warning against possible effects of ENOS on the hydrological regime, on the river plain and in general on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the Amazon basin.

SUMMARY Environmental services are natural processes that guarantee the survival of species on the planet and have the capacity to provide goods and services that satisfy human needs. This study aims to quantify the environmental services related to biodiversity and the biomass stock of a native chestnut grove, south of Roraima. The study was carried out in an area of dense rainforest located in the municipality of Caracaraí. All tree individuals (including palm trees) with a diameter greater than or equal to 10 cm were marked, mapped, measured and identified in 8 plots of 1 hectare spread over an area of 4 km² to determine the biomass stock and species composition. A total of 243 species were identified, with Arecaceae being the most frequent family and Oenocarpus bacaba being the most abundant species. About 68.7% of the recorded species are considered rare. Nine species are considered domesticated. The average stock of live tree biomass was 380.87 Mg/ha. The chestnut grove showed a high diversity of species. The species Bertholletia excelsa contributed significantly to the total biomass stock (40%), despite the low density of individuals, unlike other domesticated species, and also had a higher carbon stock, thus presenting a higher monetary value (US$ 691.90/ there is). These data can contribute to the development of valuation criteria, as well as the development of public policies for the payment of ecosystem services in native chestnut groves, elucidating the importance of chestnut groves and chestnut trees for the conservation of biodiversity and sociodiversity and for the capture and carbon stock.

Os rios foram responsáveis pela viabilidade de ocupação às margens das bacias amazônicas por indígenas, sendo que com os europeus configuraram as primeiras paisagens urbanas, preservadas ou não para a posteridade, dando origem aos núcleos históricos. A preservação desses núcleos encontra-se em risco devido às decisões do poder público mediante intervenções arquitetônicas e urbanísticas que impactam nos aspectos sociais, econômicos, patrimoniais, ambientais e afetivos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa consistiu em analisar como as intervenções na paisagem do núcleo histórico da cidade de Boa Vista, no Estado de Roraima, influenciou nas vivências sociais e na relação com o Rio Branco, a partir da ótica dos descendentes das famílias tradicionais, considerando o contexto histórico-social. A pesquisa caracterizou-se por ser qualitativa e exploratória, cuja coleta de dados deu-se pelo levantamento documental, bibliográfico e na realização de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com 8 descendentes das famílias tradicionais da cidade de Boa Vista. O Rio Branco foi visto como elemento importante que auxiliou o desenvolvimento de Boa Vista a partir do fluxo de negócios e de pessoas por meio do Porto do Cimento. As intervenções realizadas a exemplo da implantação da Orla Taumanan ocasionou o desaparecimento do Porto do Cimento um espaço de relevância histórica e simbólica. Além disso, houve a demolição de prédios públicos como a Intendência, o Mercado municipal do peixe, a Inspetoria marítima e aérea e o Hospital Nossa Senhora de Fátima. Quanto aos prédios remanescentes, foram modificados os seus usos e poucos foram permanecidos as utilidades primárias. As famílias tradicionais, pelas gerações, acompanharam a construção da memória e da identidade local por meio da arquitetura, dos rituais, das festas e da conexão com o rio. Os relatos dos descendentes identificaram que as edificações construídas na gênese da ocupação são elos simbólicos do processo de desenvolvimento em Boa Vista, retratando o caminhar histórico da comunidade cujo valor não permite perdas. As alterações da paisagem na orla do Rio Branco, ocorreram sem o consentimento da população atingida, modificando os laços afetivos dos habitantes do núcleo histórico. Influenciou nas vivências sociais e na relação com o Rio Branco excetuando-se as necessidades vitais, e, consequentemente, a relação cidade-rio foi distanciando-se das necessidades básicas do dia-adia para a especulação imobiliária e para o turismo. Assim, as decisões do poder público sobre o espaço foram decisivas quanto aos impactos ocasionados pelas intervenções urbanísticas e arquitetônicas em núcleos históricos. Elas impactaram nos diversos aspectos da sociedade, sendo benéfico ou não, dependerá do posicionamento que o poder público adotará para implantar os projetos e avaliar as multifaces que tais empreendimentos serão interpretados pela comunidade, principalmente preservando a memória e a identidade local.

Os efluentes hospitalares podem ter uma alta carga de bactérias patogênicas portadoras de genes codificadores de resistência aos antibacterianos como os β-lactâmicos, principais fármacos empregados no tratamento empírico de infecções, por ter amplo espectro de ação. A resistência a esses fármacos tem aumentado, sendo relatada no mundo inteiro. Fármacos, materiais contaminados, material biológico e excretas de pacientes acabam sendo eliminados via resíduos líquidos, transformando os efluentes hospitalares na principal fonte de disseminação de resistência bacteriana no ambiente. Quando o hospital não faz o tratamento prévio desses efluentes antes de serem lançados na rede de esgoto da cidade, constituindo em um veículo pelo qual as bactérias multirresistentes podem chegar à estação de tratamento de esgoto. Como esses sítios são considerados locais ótimos para a transferência horizontal de genes de resistência entre patógenos oportunistas e bactérias nativas, a possibilidade de chegar ao corpo hídrico receptor e transformá-lo em reservatório é uma grande ameaça ambiental. Com isso, esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade a antibacterianos de bactérias Gram-negativas em efluentes de hospitais públicos e na estação de tratamento de esgotos da cidade de Boa Vista-RR, através da detecção microbiológica e molecular, visando avaliar a qualidade de efluentes dos hospitais públicos e comparar com os efluentes urbanos. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas de efluentes em dois hospitais públicos da cidade e na estação de tratamento. As amostras foram semeadas em ágar MacConkey e incubadas a 35ºC por 24h. Após purificação das colônias, essas foram submetidas a identificação fenotípica pela série bioquímica e antibiograma pela técnica de disco difusão. Em seguida, foi extraído o DNA para realização de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para os genes codificadores de ESBL blaTEM, blaSHV e blaCTX-M. foi realizada PCR e sequenciamento do gene RNAr 16S para a identificação genotípica das espécies. A espécie Klebsiella pneumoniae mostrou-se prevalente nos efluentes hospitalares e no pré-tratamento de efluentes urbanos na estação de tratamento. No pós-tratamento, a espécie Enterobacter cloacae foi prevalente. Somente na identificação genotípica foi possível identificar espécies do gênero Aeromonas sp. em ambos efluentes. O perfil de sensibilidade a antibacterianos revelou a presença de cinco cepas ESBL nos efluentes hospitalares e nenhuma nos efluentes urbanos. No entanto, a detecção de genes de resistência revelou seis cepas portadoras de pelo menos um dos genes estudados em efluentes urbanos. Nos efluentes hospitalares, onze cepas foram identificadas como portadoras de pelo menos um dos genes, incluindo duas cepas (Escherichia coli e K. pneumoniae) portadoras dos três genes simultaneamente. Em um dos hospitais foram encontradas 100% das cepas portando genes de resistência no tanque de confluência do hospital, que faz emissão direta na rede de esgoto da cidade. Esses resultados apontam para os efluentes hospitalares como importante fonte de disseminação de genes de resistência a β-lactâmicos e que, apesar da diluição, algumas cepas portadoras desses genes chegam à estação de tratamento de esgoto. Medidas de controle e vigilância devem ser adotadas para minimizar os impactos ambientais da propagação dessas bactérias.

A biologia reprodutiva pode revelar padrões espaciais e temporais fundamentais para entender as estratégias de vida das aves. Com esse intuito, monitoramos as atividades reprodutivas das aves no Parque Nacional do Viruá (PNV) através de buscas ativas e padronizadas durante um ciclo anual. Para realizar este estudo utilizamos a grade de 5 x 5 km (25 km de trilhas) instalada no PNV pelo Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade, e monitorada pelo Projeto Ecológico de Longa Duração Florestas de Roraima (PELD FORR). Mensalmente, entre março de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020, amostramos 15 transectos de 750 m cobrindo os três principais tipos fitofisionômicos do PNV (florestas de terra firme, campina e igapó). Nestes transectos realizamos amostragem por distância (distance sampling), onde foi medida a distância do observador a cada registro reprodutivo, permitido modelar a probabilidade de detecção de cada registro. Além destas observações padronizadas, realizamos observações oportunistas ao longo das trilhas disponíveis no PNV. A presente dissertação foi organizada em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta todas as informações obtidas durante a amostragem, incluindo transectos e trilhas, e visa entender os padrões sazonais e espaciais de reprodução, explorando as estratégias reprodutivas, como tipo e altura dos ninhos e número de ovos. O segundo capítulo apresenta os resultados da amostragem por distância nos transectos, e tem por objetivo testar o efeito da pluviosidade e nível de alagamento no padrão reprodutivo das aves. Ao todo, registramos 185 eventos reprodutivos, de 66 espécies de aves, de 27 famílias. Nossos resultados demonstram que apesar de termos registrado eventos reprodutivos em todos os meses do ano, a maior parte das espécies e famílias iniciam sua reprodução com o início das chuvas (maio), estendendo-se até o início da seca (dezembro). Os padrões reprodutivos encontrados são espécie-específicos, com diferentes espécies utilizando períodos diferentes para se reproduzir. Registramos quatro tipos básicos de ninhos, mas apenas as aves que nidificam em cavidades se reproduziram em todas as épocas do ano, sugerido que o tipo de ninho possa ser um limitante sazonal. A altura dos ninhos variou de zero (chão) a ~20m, variando nas distintas fitofisionomias; ninhos nas florestas de terra firme foram, em média, mais altos que no igapó. O número de ovos colocados em todos os ambientes foi de aproximadamente dois por ninhos, um número relativamente baixo, típico de espécies tropicais que possuem com baixa produtividade e alto investimento parental. A amostragem padronizada apresentada no capítulo 2, indicou que o ciclo reprodutivo das aves é influenciado pela pluviosidade: as aves iniciam seu período reprodutivo com as primeiras chuvas. Entretanto, não achamos um efeito do tipo de habitat em do pulso de inundação. Este estudo representa o primeiro do tipo na Amazônia setentrional e resultou na descoberta de um ninho ainda não descrito (Celeus flavus) e as primeiras evidencias reprodutivas no Brasil para 3 espécies e para o estado de Roraima para outras 44 espécies de aves. Acreditamos que este estudo abre novas perspectivas para o estudo dos ciclos reprodutivos das aves na região

Os estudos envolvendo registros de paleoincêndios a partir de análise de fragmentos de carvão na região amazônica são ainda restritos e escassos. Os fragmentos fósseis de carvão vegetal, quando bem preservados, fornecem importantes informações acerca do seu ambiente de vida, bem como sobre clima e vegetação. Com base nisso, este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar a ocorrência dos eventos de paleoincêndios para o Cenozoico da Bacia do Tacutu, associados a fragmentos de carvão vegetal recuperados de depósitos Formação Boa Vista, e tecer inferências paleoclimáticas e paleoambientais. Para elucidar questões cronoestratigráficas e compreender melhor a evolução deposicional desses depósitos durante esse período foram identificadas fáceis sedimentares e simultaneamente a idade absoluta (LOE em quartzo) usando-se o protocolo SAR em quatorze amostras de sedimentos. Para as interpretações paleoclimáticas e paleoambientais utilizou-se quatorze exemplares de fragmentos de carvão provenientes de três localidades dentro dos limites do município de Boa Vista, Estado de Roraima. As etapas metodológicas adotadas para os espécimes consistiram na elaboração de micrografias em três seções (transversal, longitudinal radial e longitudinal tangencial) para observação e identificação das estruturas dos lenhos por meio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), juntamente com a datação 14C usando o Espectrômetro de Massa com Acelerador (AMS), análise isotópica de carbono (δ13C) e petrografia orgânica. Através da análise faciológica foi possível estabelecer que os depósitos são constituídos por cinco fáceis: Fáceis Cascalho maciço laterítico (Gcm1), Fáceis Cascalho ferruginoso (Gcm2), Fácies Arenito maciço(Sm), Fáceis Silte arenoso maciço (Fsm) e Fácies Arenito maciço fossilífero (Smf), com intervalo de idades entre 105,2 e 3,2 Ka, indicando que essa unidade está posicionada na transição Pleistoceno Superior - Holoceno Superior. Os resultados de MEV sugerem que os fragmentos de carvão assemelham-se ao grupo de plantas angiospermas, do tipo arbóreo/arbustivo, de acordo com os dados isotópicos, e que esses lenhos passaram por dois eventos de incêndios. Um cerca de 3.200 anos cal AP e outro a 4.820 anos cal AP. Esses episódios demonstram que os incêndios eram comuns na região estudada, com temperatura de queima entre 340ºC e 400°C. O conjunto de dados apresentados nessa pesquisa constitui-se como a primeira aproximação entre indicadores cronoestratigráficos e proxies paleoclimáticos regionais correspondentes ao Holoceno Médio/Superior para a região e para a Formação Boa Vista, e são coerentes com episódios climáticos globais ao longo do tempo geológico recente.

A Pesquisa faz parte do projeto “Ecologia e genética da castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.), que servirá como subsídio à conservação e uso sustentável da espécie. O aumento da produção de alimentos é uma das principais preocupações no século XXI, e diversas nações já não possuem espaços facilmente aproveitáveis, para a expansão de suas áreas agrícolas. O Brasil tem se destacado como um dos maiores exportadores de alimentos, e seu processo de expansão agrícola atingiu a região Norte do país, onde situa-se a maior parte da floresta Amazônia brasileira. Sabe-se que ela tem sido o destino de diversos fluxos migratórios desde o período colonial brasileiro até recentemente, nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, onde estes migrantes desenvolveram várias atividades com a finalidade de garantir sua subsistência, trazendo consigo experiências de vida oriundas de outras regiões do país configurando relações diversas no âmbito da sociedade-natureza. Por outro lado, a agricultura familiar aparece com um grau de relevância significativa, dado seu vínculo com a sustentabilidade. No contexto do estado de Roraima, atividade tornou-se um empreendimento que vem ajudando a resolver localmente problemas de acesso a determinados produtos, e complementando as atividades extrativistas de várias famílias. No município de Caracaraí, ao sul do estado de Roraima, existem vários projetos de assentamento dentre os quais Itã e o Cujubim, objeto de estudo. O objetivo da pesquisa é caracterizar a produção e utilização dos recursos naturais por agricultores familiares em dois projetos de assentamento, o Itã e o Cujubim, localizados no município de Caracaraí-RR. Usando entrevistas semiestruturadas com perguntas abertas e fechadas, foi possível obter informações socioeconômicas sobre a produção familiar, mas também sobre o cotidiano das pessoas dessas comunidades, informações sobre as práticas agrícolas e detalhes da comercialização dos produtos cultivados e de extrativismo. Os dados foram tabulados através do “Microsoft Excel” com análise vinculada a um levantamento bibliográfico e dados secundários sobre projetos de assentamentos e agricultura em Roraima. A agricultura, principalmente de citros, ainda é praticada de forma a dar prioridade à família na unidade familiar. O extrativismo da castanha-do-brasil, a pesca e a caça são outras atividades desenvolvidas pelos entrevistados. O principal destino dos produtos é a sede dos municípios Caracaraí e Boa Vista e o principal canal de comercialização é formado pelos atravessadores que buscam as mercadorias e a castanha nos lotes dos produtores.